Neurological complications both due to uraemia or its management are related to the central and peripheral nervous system and muscle tissue and are the reason for increased mortality in patients with renal failure. There is the high risk of the uraemic encephalopathy, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular diseases, and dementia in the subjects with renal failure. In the group of uraemic patients the mononeuropathies and polyneuropathies are rather common and the pathology of kidney may results in the restless legs syndrome. Despite continuous therapeutic advances many complications like uraemic encephalopathy, atherosclerosis, neuropathies and myopathy fail to fully respond to the routine treatment. Moreover, the dialytic therapy even induce new complications like dialysis dementia, intracranial haemorrhages, dialytic disequilibrium syndrome, Wernicke’s encephalopathy and osmotic myelinolysis. The use of immunosuppressive drugs in renal disease and after renal transplantation can cause opportunistic infections, the proliferative disorders within central nervous system or posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. In order to decrease the mortality and improve the quality of life in patients with renal failure, both nephrologists and neurologists should be familiar with neurological complications of uraemia and should collaborate. The disorders resulting in renal failure (connective tissue diseases, diabetes) may be directly related to the neurological complications.

renal failure, uraemic encephalopathy, uraemic polyneuropathy, dialytic dementia, dialytic disequilibrium syndrome, restless legs syndrome