Intra- and periventricular haemorrhage (PVH) is one of the most common and serious complications of preterm birth. It may lead to the hydrocephalus and neurodevelopmental disability. The author present the up-to-date knowledge concerning following aspects of posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical symptoms, diagnostics, treatment options and prognosis. The possibilities of prevention of the PVH, also with the most recent method of intraventricular fibrinolytic therapy and drainage, were also discussed. The early management of posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature infants is very difficult and connected with many controversies. although various options of surgical treatment are available in these cases all of them have many disadvantages. Such surgical therapeutic measures like ventricular and lumbar tapping, external ventricular drainage, inserting a ventricular access device (e.g. Rickham reservoir), ventriculosubgaleal shunt and eventually implantation of ventriculoperitoneal shunt were discussed. The modern endoscopic procedures used in hydrocephalus (endoscopic third ventriculostomy and cauterization of arachnoid plexus) were also presented.