Human brain is a very complex biological system considering its cytoarchitecture, neuronal network, localisation of functional regions and integration. Until second half of the XX century it was believed that CNS is deprived of regenerative processes. At present there are many studies that confirm constant formation of new neurones in the human brain. However, this process of cell exchange is far less effective in comparison with the regeneration and functional renewal of other tissues of our organism. In the following article we present current data on local neurogenesis in the adult brain. There are at least 3 regions of CNS where cell proliferation takes place: subventricular zone – SVZ, subgranular zone – SGZ and posterior periventricular area – PPv. It has been estimated that single radial glial cell, which is the progenitor of cells residing in the aforementioned regions of the brain, would be enough to form 4×10(7) of new brains. Other tissues of our organism could become another source of stem cells for brain regeneration. This solution is tempting when we consider a theory of peripheral blood stem cells that reside in different organ niches. Injured tissue produces higher amounts of chemokines such as SDF-1 or LIF that causes increased migration of stem cells towards the “calling-for-help” organ. The last part of the article presents the progress that has been made in regeneration therapies of certain neurological disorders: cerebral stroke, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntigton’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease.