The phenomena of neural differentiation in vitro and neurogenesis in vivo involve a numerous cellular proteins to create the differentiation signaling pathways. The role of the cellular isoform of prion protein PrPc – a product of the PRNP gene, seems also to be connected with a process of neural differentiation. The primary investigations in this field revealed increase of PRNP gene expression during both neurogenesis and neural differentiation in vitro; however, the majority of results were obtained with the use of animal models or cancer-derived cell lines. The latest experiments using neural stem/progenitor cells as an experimental models, seem to confirm the previous results, suggesting participation of PrPc in a neural differentiation. On the basis of the further analyses, PrPc appears to be a part of differentiation signaling pathways. Moreover, PrPc activity may contribute to acquire and maintain the functions specific for neurons. Surprisingly, the prion protein-deficient cells are still able to differentiate into neurons, although the process of differentiation is delayed. The controversy nevertheless persists about expression of PRNP gene during glial cells differentiation that is reflected in inconsistent published results, beginning with hypothesis postulating the importance of “astrocytic” PrPc for neural differentiation, ending with data presenting no PrPc expression in glial lineage. Studying the literature data does not allow to create the uniform PRNP expression pattern during neural differentiation. It rather seems to be an individual feature, which should be considered in the broader context of particular cell type and the specificity of metabolic processes accompanying neural differentiation in vitro or neurogenesis in vivo.