The vitamins are the exogenous, organic compounds with different structures, which play the important biological functions in our organisms, especially as the catalysts. To modulate the biochemical reactions the vitamins should be delivered in the appropriate quantities which are determined by health status and many exogenous factors as dietary habits, drugs etc. In the last years it can be noted the intensity in the studies on the role of the vitamins in neurological diseases. No other organ is such dependent on nutritional substances as the central nervous system. The mentioned diseases include these with unknown aetiology or these for which any effective therapy has not yet been found. The results of the taken studies described in this work surprisingly change approach to the vitamins. Some role of the vitamins was reported in the neurological diseases, such as atherosclerosis, dementia, including Alzheimer disease, epilepsy. It is worth of noting the role of the vitamins in aetiology and supportive therapy of neuropathies, Parkinson disease, post-transplantation headaches. In this article the results of the studies on the role of the vitamins in some serious neurological diseases with similar aetiology and symptoms, such as stroke atherosclerosis-related, dementia were presented.